The rulings related to dogs in Islam are little bit confusing because there are many of them and they get tangled up together. So, in this post, I will help clarify them.
The first issue: The ruling on owning a dog
- Hadith Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) as saying: He who kept a dog which is neither meant for hunting nor for watching the animals nor for watching the fields would lose two qirat every day out of his reward
It's permissible to own a dog for the above purposes mentioned in the Hadith. Scholars expanded on them if the dogs can provide other benefits not mentioned in the Hadith like helping the blind who have no one to guide them, helping a diabetic person who lives alone by carrying the medicine on its back, or guarding one's house if one lives in a far away area from other people with little or no security (no police, rural area, etc).
So, the ruling is that it's halal to own a dog if it provides a benefit that no other person is available to provide and it's a sin owning it just as a pet.
The second issue: Are dogs pure or impure?
There are three opinions on this issue.
The first opinion which is shared by most scholars is that all of the dog including its hair, skin, saliva, etc. is impure. In order to purify yourself if you touch any part of the dog, the Sunnah is to wash what's get in contact seven times with the first wash being with dust/soil. There is an opinion that it is permissible to wash with soap instead of with dust/soil.
The second opinion is that only dog's saliva is impure while its body is pure. As long as the dog's body is dry, then it's pure. But if it's wet (which could be because the dog licked itself with its saliva), then it's impure. If you get with contact with a dog's saliva or its wet skin, the process of purification is the same as mentioned above.
The third opinion which is based on Maliki says that all of the dog's body including saliva is pure (but they still say that owning a dog without a beneficial purpose is a sin).
The third issue: If you own a dog for a halal purpose, is it ok to live with you in your home?
- Hadith Abu Talha reported: I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) as saying: Angels do not enter the house in which there is a dog or a statue.
The general ruling based on the above Hadith is that the dog should live outside the home, in the garden or farm for example. An exception is if the dog's purpose includes being in the home (like guiding a blind person or carrying the medicine for a diabetic person). If this is the case, then there should be a room set for prayers which the dog doesn't enter.
The fourth issue: Treating dogs
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Hadith Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) as sayings: A person suffered from intense thirst while on a journey, when he found a well. He climbed down into it and drank (water) and then came out and saw a dog lolling its tongue on account of thirst and eating the moistened earth. The person said: This dog has suffered from thirst as I had suffered from it. He climbed down into the well, filled his shoe with water, then caught it in his mouth until he climbed up and made the dog drink it. So Allah appreciated this act of his and pardoned him. Then (the Companions around him) said: Allah's Messenger, is there for us a reward even for (serving) such animals? He said: Yes, there is a reward for service to every living animal.
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Hadith The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "While a dog was going round a well and was about to die of thirst, an Israeli prostitute saw it and took off her shoe and watered it. So Allah forgave her because of that good deed."
So, even if it's a sin to own a dog as a pet and even if it's the majority opinion that all of the dog's skin, saliva, and hair is impure, we should treat them with mercy and compassion. And if you are a person who loves dogs dearly and don't have a legitimate need to own a dog, express your love to them in an Islamically acceptable way like being kind and merciful towards them, feeding hungry dogs, and donating to animal charities.
And Allah knows best.
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