What is “AL-Sahaba”:
Sahaba in the Arabic refers to association, accompaniment, and social interaction.
A Sahabi (plural: Sahaba) is an Islamic term used for anyone who met Prophet Muhammad, embraced Islam, and remained a Muslim until their death.
The status of the Sahaba, may Allah be pleased with them, is high, and their position is revered. Defending them is indeed defending the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, as they were his companions, confidants, and the ones who defended the faith. They are the ones who transmitted Islam to those who came after them.
Physical Attributes of Omar ibn Al-Khattab
· He was exceptionally tall, towering over others in height.
· He was known for his broad shoulders.
· He was bald, lacking hair on his head.
· He was characterized by intense redness in complexion.
· He was recognized for his thick beard that extended down his chest, often blonde-red in color, which he sometimes dyed or hennaed along with his head.
· He was left-handed, meaning he used his left hand more frequently than his right.
· He was known for his brisk walking pace.
· He was renowned for his horsemanship, to the extent that people would say that when he mounted his horse, it seemed as though they were one body, emphasizing his exceptional equestrian skills.
· He was distinguished by his rare aura of majesty.
Brief description:
Umar ibn Al-Khattab Al-Adawi Al-Qurashi, also known as Al-Farooq, was the second of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and one of the prominent companions of the Prophet Muhammad. He is among the most renowned figures and leaders in Islamic history, known for his profound influence and significant authority.
He was one of the ten companions promised paradise and counted among the scholars of the companions, known for his asceticism.
Umar assumed the Islamic caliphate following the death of Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq in the year 13 AH (Islamic calendar).
He served as a skilled judge, earning fame for his commitment to justice and fairness, whether dealing with Muslims or non-Muslims. This commitment to justice was one of the reasons for his title "Al-Farooq," signifying his ability to distinguish between right and wrong.
His Upbringing
Umar ibn Al-Khattab was born thirteen years after the birth of the Prophet Muhammad. He grew up in the Al-Jahiliyya period in the heart of the mountains.
He was raised among the Quraysh tribe and stood out from most of them by learning how to read. Even at a young age, he worked as a camel herder, and his father was known for his sternness in dealings. Umar learned wrestling, horseback riding, equestrianism, and poetry. He attended the Arabian markets, including the markets of 'Ukaz, Majannah, and Dhi Al-Majaz, where he learned trade. Through his successful trading ventures, he became one of the wealthiest individuals in Mecca.
Umar belonged to the elite of the Quraysh and was often chosen as an envoy, serving as a Quraysh ambassador. In times of conflict between Quraysh and others, he was sent as an emissary.
Umar's upbringing took place before the advent of Islam in the Arabian environment of pre-Islamic paganism, following the customs and beliefs of his people, just like other children of Quraysh.
His Hostility Towards Muslims
In the early days of the Islamic call, it was a secret mission. After three years of his prophethood, the Prophet Muhammad received a command to publicly invite people to Islam. At this point, the Quraysh tribe opposed him and began to persecute and harm the Muslims. Umar ibn Al-Khattab was one of the staunchest enemies of Islam and one of the most aggressive persecutors of the Muslims. His heart was hardened against them.
Umar became concerned about the division among the Quraysh, so he decided to assassinate the Prophet Muhammad, hoping that this would rid Quraysh of the perceived threat posed by this new religion.
Embrace of islam
So he unsheathed his sword and left his house with the intent to kill the Prophet Muhammad. On his way, he encountered Nuaim ibn Abdullah Al-Adawi Al-Qurashi, who was one of the Muslims concealing his faith. Nuaim asked him, "Where are you going, O Umar?" Umar replied, "I am going to kill Muhammad, this misguided man who has divided the Quraysh, insulted their traditions, criticized their religion, and mocked their gods. I will kill him." When Nuaim realized that Umar intended to kill the Prophet, he said to him, "By Allah, O Umar, you have misguided yourself. Do you think that the sons of Abdul-Muttalib will let you walk on this earth after you kill Muhammad? Why don't you go back to your own family and set their affairs right? Your cousin Saeed ibn Zaid ibn Amr, and your sister Fatimah bint Al-Khattab have embraced Islam and followed Muhammad."
Umar immediately rushed to confront them angrily. He found the companion Khabbab ibn Al-Aratt sitting with them, teaching them the Quran. Umar struck Saeed, and then he struck Fatimah with a powerful blow that injured her face. A document she was carrying fell from her, and when Umar wanted to read it, his sister refused to let him do so until he purified himself with ablution. Umar performed ablution and then read the document: “Ta, Ha. We have not sent down to you the Qur'an that you be distressed. But only as a reminder for those who fear [Allah]. A revelation from He who created the earth and highest heavens. The Most Merciful [who is] above the Throne established” Ayah 1-5 Surat Taha
Upon reading it, Umar was deeply moved, and he exclaimed, "What is this? It is not the words of humans?" He accepted Islam at that very moment, on that day, in the fifth year of the Prophethood. He was around thirty years old, or according to some accounts, a few years younger.
Afterward, Umar went to the house of Arqam ibn Abi Arqam, where the Prophet Muhammad used to gather with his companions, and he publicly declared his conversion to Islam. Allah had answered the Prophet Muhammad's supplication, saying, "O Allah, strengthen Islam with either Umar ibn Al-Khattab or Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl),".
Omar effect:
Before their conversion to Islam, both Umar and Hamza, like other Muslims, concealed their faith out of fear of persecution due to their limited means and the absence of anyone to protect them. However, after their conversion, they became defenders and protectors of the Muslim community, especially because they were among the strongest men in the Quraysh and more capable of defending others.
Umar, in particular, openly declared his Islam without fear. He did not content himself with arranging for the Muslims to pray far away from the harm of the Quraysh. Instead, he preferred to confront the Quraysh boldly. He stood up and said to the Prophet Muhammad, "O Messenger of Allah, are we not upon the truth?" The Prophet answered, "Yes." Umar continued, "Are they not upon falsehood?" Again, the Prophet replied, "Yes." Umar then asked, "Then why should we hide?" The Prophet inquired, "What do you suggest, O Umar?" Umar replied, "Let us go out and circumambulate the Kaaba openly." The Prophet said, "Yes, O Umar."
The Muslims went out for the first time, reciting Takbir (saying "Allahu Akbar") and exulting in two rows, with Umar bin Al-Khattab at the head of one row and Hamza bin Abdul Muttalib at the head of the other, while the Prophet Muhammad stood in between. They marched until they reached and prayed at the Kaaba. From a distance, the Quraysh looked at Umar and Hamza leading the Muslims, and their faces displayed extreme gloom. Umar remarked, "That day, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ named me 'Al-Farooq,' the one who distinguishes between truth and falsehood."
praise of the Prophet for Umar
The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: "Verily, Allah placed the truth upon the tongue of Umar, so he speaks with it."
The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) supplicated: "O Allah, strengthen Islam with Umar ibn al-Khattab."
The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) also said about Umar: "By Him in Whose Hand my soul is, whenever Satan sees you taking a path, he takes a different path."
Umar’s Caliphate
After the death of the Prophet and the appointment of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq as his successor, Umar assumed the caliphate following Abu Bakr's passing. Umar's rule over the Muslims was characterized by justice and asceticism:
1- strong commitment to people
Umar ibn al-Khattab showed a strong commitment to his people. He would go out at night to check on their well-being. One notable example of his care, is when he found a woman cooking at night for her children while they were crying. He learned from her that she was boiling water to give the illusion of food to her children so they would fall asleep. Umar rushed away, shedding tears, and returned with flour and meat. He cooked for the children and fed them, not leaving until they had fallen asleep. Additionally, as part of his great concern for his subjects, Umar would personally assist and care for an elderly blind and disabled people.
2- The Year of Ramada (Ashes)
it was a year in which people suffered from drought, and the Muslims experienced hunger to the point of nearly facing destruction. It was named the Year of Ashes because the land had become barren and black like ashes due to the scarcity of rain. During this time, Umar, the Caliph, gave everything available in the treasury (Bayt al-Mal) to the people. He endured great pain and sorrow for the Muslims, and he only accepted to eat oil and vinegar, which weakened his body and darkened his face. This situation lasted for nine months until Umar and the Muslims prayed the rain-seeking prayer (Salat al-Istisqaa), and Allah, the Most High, provided relief.
3- The Islamic conquests
The Islamic conquests expanded and flourished during the time of Umar ibn al-Khattab, especially with the presence of Khalid ibn al-Walid, who was given the title "Saifullah al-Maslul" (the Sword of Allah, unsheathed) by the Prophet. Khalid ibn al-Walid continued his journey of Jihad and participated in many battles for the liberation of Iraq and the Levant, despite stepping aside from the leadership of the battles and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah taking command. Khalid's military leadership was exceptional, and he participated in approximately a hundred battles, remaining undefeated in all of them. May Allah be pleased with him
The Islamic state extended to the east, reaching China, and to the north, reaching the Caspian Sea. It also expanded westward, including Tunisia and the regions beyond it. In the south, the Islamic armies conquered Nubia. During the reign of Umar, the Islamic forces opened new territories in the Levant, Iran, Iraq, Egypt, and Libya. All of these conquests occurred within his ten-year caliphate. This expansion can be attributed to the divine will of Allah and the strong faith and leadership of the Muslims under the guidance of Umar.
4- The judiciary system
He took on the responsibility of settling disputes among the people and implementing legal rulings and penalties.
As the Islamic state expanded and the Arabs mixed with the inhabitants of newly conquered territories, the number of legal cases increased significantly. It became difficult for the caliph and provincial governors to personally handle all these cases. Consequently, Umar separated the judicial system from the administrative governance and began appointing judges to oversee legal matters in the newly acquired regions.
His Death
It is reported that Umar ibn al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, was stabbed by Abu Lu'lu'ah, the Persian, with a poisoned double-edged dagger. and Omar martyred three days later.
At the time of the incident, Umar was leading the Fajr (dawn) prayer with the Muslims when he was treacherously attacked. After learning that his attacker was Abu Lu'lu'ah, Umar thanked Allah that he was not killed by a fellow Muslim.
He also sent his son, Abdullah, to seek permission from Aisha, the Mother of the Believers, may Allah be pleased with her, to be buried next to the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, and Abu Bakr al-Siddiq. She granted him permission for this burial.
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