There are two hadith, personally i think the wording is a bit confusing. I'll put my thoughts afterwards for anyone who may be interested based on various things I've heard or read. Even so if i make any mistakes i hope someone can correct it. أن شاء الله i will look it up again myself as well.
Abu Hurairah reported the Messenger of Allah (May peace be upon him) as saying; The angels invoke blessings on any of you who remains sitting at the place where he says his prayers so long as he is defiled (needs ablution) or stands up, saying:
O Allah, forgive him; O Allah, have mercy on him.
Sunan Abi Dawud 468, Grade Sahih (Al-Albani)
Abu Hurairah reported the apostle of Allah (May peace be upon him) as saying; The servant (of Allah) is considered to he at prayer so long as he remains at the place of prayer waiting for prayer. The angels say:
O Allah, forgive him, O Allah, take mercy on him, until he turns away, or he is defiled. He was asked: what is meant by defilement? He replied: he breaks wind gently or loudly.
Sunan Abi Dawud 471, grade: Sahih (Al-Albani)
Both taken from Sunnah.com
My understanding The prayer starts the moment you sit in a place where you intend to pray and are patiently waiting for prayer. It includes the actual prayer itself, and continues for as long as you don't break the wudhu, or move from that spot.
Other things which i feel are relevant to this.
Control your thoughts You should not think of worldly things. So when you sit for the prayer, do tasbih, recite Qur'an, or just think about Allah, the hereafter, etc. Not things like food, something you have to do for work, etc.
Lengthen the prayers One thing, obviously, is about lengthening the actual prayer. In the case of fardh the imam should only do this if everyone agrees to it beforehand otherwise it might have negative effects. You can do it personally for the sunnah and nafl prayers by reciting longer surahs or multiple short surahs, reciting the additional dua's while bowing, when you stand to praise Allah, when you prostrate before Allah, the time where you sit between the two prostrations.
After you finish praying you can do tasbih, lengthen the dua', recite Qur'an, think about Allah, or (i haven't seen anything related to this but i guess it counts under dua') just talk to Allah like a conversation on various things.
Other notes For anyone who's checked on additional prayers like Awabeen, praying the sunnah for dhuhr after the Jummah prayer, etc. You may have noticed they either say "while staying in the same spot" or "go to a different spot".
The latest example of this that I've seen has to do with Jummah. After the dua', you should either
1) Have a short conversation with someone or 2) Move to a different location in the masjid and pray 4 sunnah, or go home and pray 2 sunnah
The reason for this is the sunnah prayer is for dhuhr, and to stay in the same spot and pray them would be a continuation of Jummah which is a completely different prayer.
Similarly, having to do with dhikr (remembrance of Allah) after prayer being a continuation of the prayer.
The Prophet Sallallahu Alayhi wa Sallam commanded us not to pray when the sun is rising, when it is setting, or during the noon time. We're also not supposed to pray between Asr and Maghrib as far as I know.
He, Sallallahu Alayhi wa Sallam, also said that whoever prays through the sunrise, then 10-15 minutes later prays 2 rakat for Ishraak, they would get the reward for 1 complete Hajj, and 1 complete Umrah. In another narration he, Sallallahu Alayhi wa Sallam, said a Hajj and Umrah done with him, Sallallahu Alayhi wa Sallam.
I believe the Jews were confused about it and asked how can you pray through the sunrise when you're not supposed to pray during that time? Meaning they found a contradiction.
The response was that to sit in the same spot after fajr and do dhikr until 10-15 minutes after sunrise was still prayer.
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